Remediation of Metals †Contaminated Soils and Groundwater

Circumstance 1-Remediation of PCBs in Sandy Soils Through Incineration Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are saved inside the dirts in light of man made exercises that are completed on the dirt surface keeping a few destructive mixes. Their essence in the dirt can have negative ramifications for the earth, which can predict hurtful ecological wellbeing for all plants and creatures reliant on that ecosystem.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Remediation of Metals †Contaminated Soils and Groundwater explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More To counter the impacts of these segments inside the dirt, burning innovation has been picked as extraordinary compared to other remediation advancements for this contamination. This is on the grounds that cremation can catch the debased soil stores and PCB segments and divert out the detoxification procedure structure the site the contamination has occurred1. Tidy up by burning happens through desorption in situ of debased soils silt by utilization of high warm techniques, which empower the PCBs to be caught for demolition away from the site. Using In â€Situ Thermal Desorption innovation, the method can warm is applied straightforwardly inside the polluted soil and the natural contaminant is then obliterated as a result of the solid measures of warmth can decimate these destructive components2. The innovation doesn't effectsly affect the air quality encompassing the zones in which it is sent and it can recognize tainting in widely profound soil stores, which would be more earnestly to detoxify by different advances. The innovation has been seen as ready to evacuate contaminants where contaminant atoms are crushed in a profoundly disintegrated office and the main outflows from the procedure are as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The time that the remediation innovation can take in tidying up the dirt silt of the contaminants differs relying upon the particulars and the principles that have been set up intended to direct and regulate the cremation techniques to be adopted.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural examinations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The set guidelines for cremation in soil conditions with more that 50 pmm of PCBs has been set at 2 seconds habitation time at a temperature of 1200 Celsius and 3% abundance oxygen that will be transmitted once the vaporization has taken place3. The utilization this innovation is energized more for tremendous regions of land due to the economies of scale it offers in view of the significant expense suggestion prone to be felt during its execution. The pulverization of PCB contaminants by cremation has been seen as wasteful when contrasted with other non-burnable remediation advancements. A few incinerators are known to discharge unsafe substances that may have been recently shaped or undestroyed in this manner contaminating the condition that is encompassing. The innovation has been assessed to have the option to tidy up to 99.9% of the PCB sullying that exists inside soil stores where pollutions as high as 5000mg/kg have been found to exist. A portion of these pollutions are between 6-18 crawls top to bottom with a centralization of PCB’s being past 50ppm. The innovation isn't entirely appropriate for littler destinations and may have possible harms for underground framework, for example, electrical links and gas lines in the locales where it is utilized. On the off chance that the territory to be dealt with is beneath the water table, there might be have to draw out the water first before the methodology can be attempted. The warm strategies attempted can empower the undestroyed and recently shaped contaminants to be discharged into the air and water bringing about poor natural health4. Circumstance 2-Remediation of Voc †TCA in Ground Water 20 Ft subterranean Level Volatile natural Compounds are typically acqu ainted with the dishonest mechanical practices which defile the nature of ground water that exists inside a given domain. Trichloroethane mixes get ingested into soil and ground water where they become contaminants, which can present extraordinary dangers to plant, creature and human life. The remediation innovation that is reasonable for managing TCA contaminants inside ground water is bioremediation, which makes it workable for the TCA contaminants to be biodegraded inside the ground water through a few processes.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Remediation of Metals †Contaminated Soils and Groundwater explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The chlorinated solvents inside the groundwater can be biodegraded through dechlorination, co digestion and oxidation whereby every one of these procedures manage diminishing the atomic segments of the chlorine contaminants inside the ground water5. Biodegradation as a rule quickens the disinte gration paces of the chlorine dissolvable inside ground water by moving the broke down substance to an assortment point from which it very well may be drawn out. Decreasing dechlorination inside the ground water structure is intended to supplant the chlorine particles that are common inside the ground water to a less poisonous satiate on the grounds that they are supplanted step by step with hydrogen atoms. In this way, reductive dechlorination is the most preferred type of biodegradation since it can disintegrate the contaminants both inside exceptionally chlorinated and humble chlorinated solvents6. Since biodegrading includes high dechlorination of poisonous ground water conditions, it takes a shorter period when contrasted with the utilization of surfactant and co-dissolvable flushing. These conditions, along these lines, make it reasonable as a remediation innovation to be sent inside underground water situations. They are not touchy in thickly debased situations where TCA is f or the most part pervasive creation it appropriate for tidying up ground water zones, which have been seriously presented to TCA. The TCA inside the ground water would then be able to be broken up and the harmfulness inside the ground water can be limited. The operational expenses of the technique are known to be low and in this circumstance, this can offer more elevated levels of proficiency on the grounds that the system requires straightforward ground water extraction at low depths7. Since the procedure can be effortlessly joined with different innovations, there is a possibly higher pace of tidy up, which can be accomplished contrasted with other elective kinds of technology.Advertising Searching for research paper on natural examinations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The innovation can be joined with the utilization of surfactants and co dissolvable flushing inside the ground water table to quicken the pace of tidying up the ground water condition accordingly causing its use to have a more extensive intrigue. The method is successful in tidying up enormous segments of sullied zones inside the ground water condition as a result of the quick rate at which tidying up can be conducted8. The significant test that emerges with the utilization of this innovation is the negative effects it can have on the nature of ground water inside the earth’s outside layer. The procedure may prompt the development of metallic mixes, for example, iron, manganese and arsenic, which are exceptionally harmful and can make threats for the water frameworks inside these territories. The procedure requires extremely sensitive dealing with on the grounds that a few electrons can be combustible and can make debacles if wrongly handled9. Circumstance 3-Remediation of Pes ticide-Arsenic in Groundwater through Precipitation Arsenic parts in ground water normally result from the impacts of pesticides that are utilized to free plants of bugs, which sooner or later are consumed and discover their way to the water table. Precipitation and co-precipitation is one of the advances that have been utilized as a remediation for lessening the degree of arsenic defilement in ground water as a result of its capacities to oxidize the arsenic parts inside ground water to a less solvent state. This oxidation through ozonation and expansion of other synthetic segments like potassium permanganate make it hard for the arsenic to disintegrate in ground water. This makes the arsenic to frame become a strong encourage making it simple for it to be sifted starting from the earliest stage leaving barely any hints of the contaminant inside the water10. The time taken for this innovation to be successful in accomplishing its ideal outcomes changes from one site to the next rel ying upon the degree of sullying that exists. The pH at which the arsenic hasten can't be broken up effectively is the best one in deciding the adequacy of the innovation that is utilized for precipitation of the arsenic contaminants in ground water. Past utilization of this innovation has demonstrated that in one moment 65 gallons of ground water containing about 0.3mg/l could be detoxified.11 The innovation is evaluated to have the option to offer more advantages contingent upon the sort of synthetic compounds the client decides to use to help in tidying up the ground water sullying. It tends to have the option to treat different contaminants, which are not quite the same as arsenic subsequently giving it more intrigue since it very well may have the option to evacuate different contaminations irrelevant to arsenic. It needs enormous region of land for it to be practical on account of the significant level of gifted work that is required. The innovation is reasonable in tidying up profoundly polluted arsenic ground water conditions yet for a huge scope. The innovation can have the option to detoxify near 0.3 mg/l of arsenic to water making it progressively best in managing the issue of ground water defilement when contrasted with different advancements. The method is imperative in recognizing arsenic just as other hard metallic parts that are probably going to be broken up inside ground water over a given period.

Economic Issues Simulation Paper Essay

The Castor Collins wellbeing plan is a wellbeing upkeep program (HMO) that was found in 1999 and has become throughout the years. The organization gives medical coverage inclusion through a framework that includes a system of doctors and emergency clinics. Castor Collins Heath Plan utilizes the capitation model to finance its huge appropriated gathering of doctors and human services associations. Castor Collins right now gives social insurance inclusion to 100,000 supporters and might want to expand their enrollees. It is the duty of the Vice President alongside his most confided in guides, Helen Feuerman, Chief Financial Officer, Jonathan Wilkes, Chief Medical Officer, and Adam Hunter, Executive Vice President, Planning and Development, to connect with new customers; two specifically, E-Editors and Constructit. E-Editors The organization E-Editors utilizes 1,600 people, 760 guys and 840 females. The employee’s ages go from 35-54. The vast majority of the representatives with E-Editors are hitched so they should give a reasonable social insurance plan for their families. Taking a gander at the sort of work required for the greater part of the employee’s, Castor Collins found that huge numbers of the people have an inactive position. Truth be told, ninety-five percent of the representatives at E-Editors have a place that requires extended periods of time of sitting before a PC; the staying five percent of the workers have places that require physical action. A careful wellbeing screening was led by Castor Collins. Their discoveries were as followed, the vast majority of the representatives who have inactive positions had issues with their vision. Twenty two percent of the workers had no history of medical problems. Twenty six percent of the representatives are smokers, a large portion of them uncovering that they are viewed as substantial smokers, albeit none of workers that smoke revealed any respiratory confusions. The staying forty-five percent of the representatives are corpulent. Strikingly, the corpulence is because of an inactive occupation, poor dietary patterns, and next to zero physical action. These populaces of workers are in danger for extreme wellbeing entanglements and illnesses. Constructit Constructit has 1,000 workers; 550 being male and 450 are females. The age bunch ranges from 26-42, and 60% of the workers are hitched. Fifty three percent of the workers have places that require physical movement. Thirty-two percent of this gathering has high action positions and twenty five percent have moderate action positions. The staying forty three percent of the workers have stationary positions. The outcome from this gatherings wellbeing screening are as followed, thirty-eight percent of the workers have no prior medical problems and are in acceptable physical wellbeing. 10% of the workers are smokers. Thirty nine percent of the representatives are viewed as hefty, which is a high stoutness rate. A portion of the sicknesses that were accounted for are stomach related scatters, respiratory ailments, wounds, and hypersensitivities. Investigation of the two gatherings It is Castor Collins occupation to discover reasonable human services designs that will profit the two organizations, workers, and Castor Collins while remembering to make it moderate and useful to all. They should assess the potential dangers and evaluate the expense of premiums for both. All individuals from the group decided the most ideal path for choosing would be best directed by utilizing the money saving advantage examination framework. â€Å"The money saving advantage examination (CBA) is a lot of strategies for aiding the creation of choices that makes an interpretation of every important worry into advertise (dollar) terms† (Gertzen and Allen, 2007). The group should initially think about the age, sexual orientation, and profiles everything being equal. Also, choose the potential wellbeing dangers, figure premium and benefit. Thirdly, choose what administrations will be secured and co-installments for these wellbeing plans. When mulling over the distinctive wellbeing profiles of all employees’ corpulence appeared to be an issue for both. This by itself makes the populace at high hazard for medical problems related with weight, for example, heart illnesses, strokes, and diabetes. E-editors appear to have a higher level of stoutness and smokers putting them at an a lot higher hazard with medical problems. Result In the wake of assessing the expense and advantages that accompany giving medical coverage inclusion to both E-Editors and Constructit, Castor Collins monetary group concluded that they would just have the option to give health care coverage inclusion to Constructit and not E-Editors. The explanation behind this choice is E-Editors have a higher level of workers that are in danger of creating incessant sicknesses. The group felt free to introduce a proposal to Constructit and their representatives. Castor Collins can offer their representatives the Castor Standard arrangement, which the premium to be charged will be $3,428.00. The thinking behind picking this arrangement over the Castor Enhanced and the Castor Enhanced Minor is the premiums for every representative would be essentially lower than the Enhanced and Enhance Minor plans despite the fact that every worker was happy to pay a limit of $4,000 for their yearly premium. Likewise, Castor Standard doesn't cover previous wellbeing conditions, so this would be an okay venture. Previous conditions can cost an organization a huge number of dollars and at long last not be advantageous to the company’s benefits. In the event that Castor Collins were to mull over previous conditions an a lot higher premium may must be thought of. This is a preferred position that can help keep the yearly premiums down and still give numerous other wellbeing inclusion administrations. The premiums that Castor Collins will charge the representatives at Constructit are a lot of lower than foreseen, which implies a lower benefit return. This gathering is viewed as a lower wellbeing hazard bunch so expanding premiums could make a likelihood to make more prominent returns, yet the result is as yet fitting. End Numerous long stretches of arranging and improvement were considered for an official choice of including Constructit and not E-editors as a customer. The group settled on this choice by using the CBA technique and discovering that Constructit would be generally safe to give wellbeing inclusion as well. The arrangement that was picked Castor Standard will have a lower return yet over the long haul be valuable to Castor Collins. The workers at Constructit will have the option to bear the cost of the wellbeing inclusion plan and look towards the future realizing they are guaranteed and secured for any crises without depleting the wallet. Castor Collins and Constructit will start a compensating venture that will profit the two organizations at long last. The group put together this choice with respect to considering all theâ necessary wellbeing profiles, dangers, and premiums and looking at all of the realities between the two organizations. Reference Getzen, T. E., and Moore, J. (2007). Medicinal services Economics: Principles and apparatuses for the Health Care Industry. Hoboken,, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Catching Up with Author Sigal Samuel

Catching Up with Author Sigal Samuel Sigal Samuel is an award-winning fiction writer,  journalist, essayist, and playwright. Currently opinion editor at the  Forward, she has also published work in the  Daily Beast, the  Rumpus,  BuzzFeed, and Electric Literature. She has appeared on NPR, BBC, and Huffington Post Live.  Her six plays have been produced in theaters from Vancouver to New York. Sigal earned her MFA in Creative Writing from the University of British Columbia.  Originally from Montreal, she now lives and writes in Brooklyn. The Mystics of Mile End is her first novel. Rachel Cordasco: Favorite writers? Favorite books? Sigal Samuel: My favorite dead writer is Fyodor Dostoyevsky, who wrote Brothers Karamazov. My favorite living writer is Nicole Krauss, who wrote The History of Love. Which sometimes leads me to wonder: What sort of person would you get if you combined the two? And what sort of book would that person write? I dont know, but it would probably be depressing as hell, in the most beautiful way possible. RC: How has growing up in Canada and living in the U.S. informed your writing/general worldview? SS: I grew up in Canada reading a lot of American books, and they always made it seem like the entire universe consisted of a few blocks in Brooklyns Park Slope plus a few blocks in Manhattans Upper West Side. When I wrote the first draft of my novel, I unselfconsciously set it in Montreal. By the time I sat down to write the second draft, I had moved to Brooklyn and was wondering whether I should move the whole story down here, too. Would that make my novel more marketable? Easier for American readers to relate to? Ultimately I decided that the world has enough Brooklyn books, and that I would trust readers to take an interest in something beyond their immediate surroundings. They havent let me down. RC: Im loving your debut novel, The Mystics of Mile End. What was the genesis of the book and how did that change as you wrote? SS: My dad was a professor of Jewish mysticism and he taught me Kabbalah starting at a very young age. So I always knew I wanted to make use of those texts and ideas in a novel. (Or, to put it more accurately, I couldnt not use them â€" telling me not to write about mystics wouldve been like telling me not to breathe oxygen.) I wanted to take these medieval religious ideas and bring them into a contemporary, secular, urban setting, so that I could explore the question: What would happen if someone like you or me tried to climb the Kabbalahs Tree of Life as a way to reach God, right now, in 2015? I turned to J.D. Salingers Franny and Zooey often while writing, because I think hes asking a similar question in that book, which is one of my favorites. But whereas Salinger uses two voices to tell his story, I found I needed a few more. I wanted to show a dysfunctional Jewish family falling under the sway of a dangerous mystical obsession, with each person getting the chance to tell their side of the story. Here are the four perspectives I ended up with: an endearingly nerdy little boy, an atheist middle-aged professor, a female college student whos losing her mind, and the Montreal neighborhood they all live in â€" Mile End â€"  which is home to hipsters and Hasidic Jews. RC: How does working as an editor and writer at the Forward influence your fiction-writing and vice versa (or at all)? SS: Working as a newspaper editor has cured me of the tendency to get too attached to my own passages, even (or especially) when theyre long meandering paragraphs full of very pretty sentences that dont advance the plot. I used to find it impossible to cut those paragraphs. Now Im so practiced at hacking away at other writers work that I know better than to protest but I couldnt possibly shorten that, this part simply cant be cut! An editor needs me to chop 10,000 words out of my book? I say, sure, no problem. Caveat: In every book there will be at least one passage that you will fight to the death to keep. Thats good. Mine is on page 130. RC: What advice would you give to aspiring authors? SS: If you dont see characters like yourself or your relatives represented in books, dont assume that means you cant write about such people. Assume the opposite! Why not write  exactly  those kinds of people? Instead of aiming for some mythic neutral universal (to borrow a phrase from Zadie Smith), trust that you will get at the universal through the particular. RC: Whats your favorite Yiddish-ism? SS: My favorite Yiddish-ism is Verter zol men vegn un nit tseyln, which means: Words should be weighted, not counted. The characters in my novel are all terrible communicators, and theyre constantly hoarding language, counting out each precious phrase they expend, as if they believe were each born with a finite stash of words inside us and as soon as we use them all up well die. Actually, one of my characters believes that literally. I always want to tell him: Yes, by all means, weigh your words, consider them carefully, but dont be so goddamn miserly! Since my own Jewish family doesnt actually come from Yiddish-speaking Eastern Europe â€"  instead, were from India, Iraq and Morocco â€"  I cant leave without also giving you one of my favorite Arabic-isms. Bukra fil mishmish is an expression that literally translates to tomorrow morning, you can have apricots. Thing is, you can never really enjoy apricots the day after you pick them, because they turn to mush too fast. So when you say this phrase to someone, youre sarcastically telling them: It aint gonna happen. Or, as a Brooklynite might say: Fuhgeddaboutit. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

The Journalism Feeds On Curiosity - 955 Words

Journalism feeds on curiosity. One week I am fact-checking a story on rock climbing for Outside magazine, and the next week I find myself on top of a 40-foot wall. Every news assignment becomes a crash course in a new subject. Every idea for a feature leads to twenty more questions and ten more stories. Journalism is an addictive adventure — an adventure I’ve known I wanted to pursue since I was in kindergarten. Yet instead of feeling like I’ve been stuck on the same career path for 16 years, I feel like each day, each article, is a new venture. I am pursuing a master’s in International Politics at Trinity College Dublin because the heart of journalism isn’t in the writing or the editing — it’s how well you know the topics on which you are reporting. Shortly after entering college, I found a second love in political science, and my academic interests began to merge with my passion for the news. I am now working toward a career as political reporter, and more specifically, an international correspondent who serves to connect readers in the U.S. to European news. Ultimately, I hope to be the chief of a news bureau in a large European capital such as Dublin or Belfast. My interest in foreign policy and international affairs sparked even more adventures, from researching education policy in Santiago, Chile, to nervously teaching a room of fellow undergraduates for the first time. Following my first year at college, I jumped on the opportunity to take an internship with aShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Journalism And The Society Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesJOURNALISM AND THE SOCIETY 1.WHAT IS NEWS News is an important piece of information that is often current and unknown and is broadcasted to a mass audience. News is divided into two categories that are hard news and soft news. 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The Role Of Cues On Glycemic Control And Lipid Profile

Abstract Objective: Anxiety, depression, hormonal imbalance are major disorders of chronic stress that lead to the several pathophysiological complications if prolonged. There is little evidence reflecting that chronic unpredictable environmental stress may induce the predisposition of diabetes mellitus associated complications. However detailed investigation at molecular level is required to see the effect of chronic unpredictable environmental stress (CUES) at gene level. The present study investigates the role of CUES on glycemic control and lipid profile in female Swiss albino mice. Material Methods: Study was conduct on Swiss albino female mice that were randomly divided into two groups after acclimatization. The animals of the treatment group stress (n=5) were exposed to a series of different environmental mechanical chronic stress with different stressors for 16 weeks. Control animals (n=5) were not given chronic stress. Animals of both groups were weighed weekly along with weekly feed consumption, weekly fasting blood glucose monitoring. Blood from retro-orbital plexus was collected before sacrifice of animals ethically for analysis of HbA1c, serum HDL, VLDL, LDL, triglycerides. Results: Fasting blood glucose levels in the treatment group of the experiment were significantly higher compared to control mice. Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides HbA1c were found to be significantly increased in the animals of the stressed group. Body weights of the

Team Concept, Human Behavior, Persuasion Diversity Free Essays

1. The role of the leader in the team concept is very important. Research shows that success is enhanced, if an organization understands and effectively manages five team processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Concept, Human Behavior, Persuasion Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now List and discuss these five team processes in Chapter 17. The five team processes are: 1. Buy-in: how the work of the team is legitimized and goals are set. 2. Accountability: how individual and team performance is managed and rewarded. 3. Learning: how performance is improved and skills developed. 4. Infrastructure: how the work of the team is systemized and resources accessed. 5. Partnering: how people interact and work together to achieve success on the team and across organizational units (Manning Curtis, 2009). 2. Physical and emotional needs are important determinants of human behavior, helping to explain why people work, why they have certain personal goals, and what they want in their relationships with others. Psychologist Abraham Maslow divides human needs into five categories, progressing from basic needs to complex needs. Discuss Maslow’s five â€Å"Hierarchy of Human Needs. † List and discuss each one. Maslow’s five Hierarchy of Human Needs are: . Survival. The needs that are taken as the starting point for motivation theory are the physiological, or basic body tissue, needs. Taking a breath of air and acting in self-defense are normal expressions of such needs. Survival needs are strong and natural forces within the person. 2. Security. Once survival needs are satisfied, security needs become important. Freedom from threat an d protection from loss are major security goals, helping explain our interest in savings accounts, medical insurance, seniority rights, and burglar alarms. 3. Belonging. When survival and security needs are satisfied, the need for belonging emerges. This is true for people in all cultures, whether aggressive or peaceful, primitive or advanced. Every individual makes a distinct effort to belong to some aspired social group. 4. Respect. Once survival, security, and belonging needs are satisfied, people are motivated by the need for respect the need to be considered favorably by self and others. The pursuit of fame, regardless of the field business, government, and the arts can be explained only by the powerful need for respect. 5. Fulfillment. After physical and social needs are satisfied, people are motivated by the need for fulfillment, which Maslow referred to as â€Å"self-actualization. † These people may or may not please others by what they do, and their efforts may or may not result in the attainment of intended goals (Manning Curtis, 2009). 3. Chapter 18 discusses â€Å"why people do what they do. † There are nine points to remember about human motivation. With these in mind, you will better understand why people do what they do. These points can also explain the complicated relationship between personal goals and work behavior. List and discuss these nine points for human motivation. The nine points for human motivation are: a. A satisfied need is not a motivator. It is not what people have that motivates behavior; it is what they do not have, or what they have done without. b. Employee motivation and company success are related. c. Psychological needs and social values are not the same. d. The same act can satisfy any of the five motivation levels. e. All people have the same needs, but to different degrees and accompanied by different wants. What it takes to satisfy motivational needs and how much is required are unique to each person. . A person can be deficiency-motivated, bringing harm to self or others. It is possible to have an extreme fixation on a natural need, so strong that it can lead to neurotic and even destructive behavior. g. Unsatisfied needs can harm your health, as surely as if you were physically stricken. If you feel the need for recognition, but no one respects you; if you feel the nee d for love, but no one cares; if you feel the need for self-expression, but have no outlets, you can develop a motivation condition as harmful as physical illness. h. Leadership is important in meeting employee needs and preventing motivation problems. What a leader does will vary with the circumstances. Sample actions include improving job safety (survival needs), clarifying job assignments (security needs), offering a word of encouragement (belonging needs), providing praise for a job well done (respect needs), and offering new skills development (fulfillment needs). i. The ideal is to integrate the needs of the individual with the goals of the organization. If the needs of the individual can be satisfied while advancing the goals of the organization, he ultimate in employee morale and organization effectiveness will be achieved (Manning Curtis, 2009). 4. Managing diversity is very important for both the leader and organizational survival. List and discuss strategies and techniques that can help both individuals and organizations manage diversity effectively. What can individuals do:  ¦ Connect with and value your own culture.  ¦ Think abou t how it feels to be different by remembering times when you felt that you were in the minority.  ¦ Try to understand each person as an individual, rather than seeing the person as a representative of a group. Participate in educational programs that focus on learning about and valuing different cultures, races, religions, ethnic backgrounds, and political ideologies.  ¦ Make a list of heroes in music, sports, theater, politics, business, science, and so forth.  ¦ Learn about the contributions of older people and people with visual, hearing, or other impairments.  ¦ Learn more about other cultures and their values through travel, books, and films, and by attending local cultural events and celebrations.  ¦ Continually examine your thoughts and language for unexamined assumptions and stereotypical responses. Include people who are different from you in social conversations, and invite them to be part of informal work-related activities, such as going to lunch or attending c ompany social events.  ¦ When dealing with people, try to keep in mind how you would feel if your positions were reversed. What can organizations do:  ¦ Include employees from a variety of backgrounds in decision-making and problem solving processes.  ¦ Develop strategies to increase the flow of applicants from a variety of backgrounds. Look for opportunities to develop employees from diverse backgrounds and prepare them for positions of responsibility  ¦ Show sensitivity in the physical work environment.  ¦ Form a group to address issues of diversity.  ¦ Implement training programs that focus on diversity in the workplace programs designed to develop a greater awareness and respect for differences.  ¦ Pay attention to company publications such as employee newsletters.  ¦ Evaluate official rules, policies, and procedures of the organization to be sure all employees are treated fairly. Develop mentoring and partnering programs that cross traditional social and cultura l boundaries.  ¦ Talk openly about diversity issues, respect all points of view, and work cooperatively to solve problems (Manning Curtis, 2009). 5. Historically, women in high leadership positions have come from nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, and public office. However, over the last few years, they are starting to come from the business world. The Center for Creative Leadership has identified six success factors for women in high leadership positions. List and discuss these six success factors for women. The Center for Creative Leadership has identified six success factors for women in high leadership positions: 1. Help from above. Women in high levels of leadership have typically received the support of influential mentors. 2. A superior track record. Held to high standards, executive-level women have usually managed effectively and have developed an excellent record of performance. 3. A passion for success. Senior-level women have been determined to succeed. They worked hard, seized responsibility, and achieved their objectives. 4. Outstanding people skills. Successful women executives typically utilize participative leadership, employee empowerment, and open communication to foster trust and high levels of morale among subordinates. 5. Career courage. Successful women leaders have demonstrated courage to take risks, such as taking on huge responsibilities. 6. Mental toughness. Senior-level women are seen as tenacious, demanding, and willing to make difficult decisions (Manning Curtis, 2009). Applications Exercise 19. 2 1. 4 2. 4 3. 2 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 4 8. 3 9. 2 10. 3 11. 4 12. 4 13. 2 14. 4 15. 4 Domination = 12 Collaboration = 8 Compromise = 8 Avoidance = 11 Accommodation = 11 How to cite Team Concept, Human Behavior, Persuasion Diversity, Essay examples

The Ethics And Values Of Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Ethics And Values Of Social Work Social Work Essay Essay The end of societal work professionals is for the wellbeing and empowering of those in society who are impoverished, populating in subjugation, and vulnerable. Social workers must besides concentrate on the forces in a individual s environment that are involved in doing and lending to jobs in life conditions. Those people who are assisted by societal workers are referred to as clients. They can be persons, groups, households, or communities. Therefore, societal workers must be attuned to cultural, racial, and cultural differences in people. This will assist set an terminal to favoritism, subjugation, poorness, and other types of societal wrongs. There are six nucleus values on which the societal work profession is based. These are service, societal justness, self-respect, and worth of the individual, importance of human relationships, unity, and competency. These nucleus values are the cardinal rules that a societal worker should utilize in covering with clients and helps steer them in handling the clients with self-respect and regard. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics And Values Of Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics And Values Of Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics And Values Of Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The societal workers Code of Ethical motives are at the nucleus of the profession. These moralss are of great importance to all societal work pupils as good. They help in doing sound judgements and determinations when covering with all sections of the population regardless of the clients faith, race, or ethnicity. The six nucleus values of societal work have ethical rules which are the ideals to which each societal worker should endeavor to run into. Service happens when a societal worker uses his or her cognition, values, and accomplishments to assist those in demand. Social justness is when a societal worker efforts societal alteration on behalf of those who ca nt assist themselves. Dignity and worth of the individual is demoing regard to each client irrespective of their societal state of affairs. The importance of human relationships is seen by societal workers in their attempts to progress, regenerate, and better the wellbeing of households, societal groups, and communities. Integrity is acting at all times in a trusting mode. Competence is fundamentally a societal worker cognizing his or her occupation and taking stairss to bettering their professional expertness. Pertinent Ethical motives and Valuess Covering with Worth and Dignity There are several moralss and values that relate to human diverseness and the worth and self-respect of individuals. Employment of these moralss and values are of great importance to the societal worker and the client. They are as follows: 1.02 Self-government Social workers respect and promote the right of clients to self-government and assist clients in their attempts to place and clear up their ends. Social workers may restrict clients right to self-government when, in the societal workers professional judgement, clients actions or possible actions pose a serious, foreseeable, and at hand hazard to themselves or others. 1.03 Informed Consent ( B ) In cases when clients are non literate or have difficulty understanding the primary linguistic communication used in the pattern scene, societal workers should take stairss to guarantee clients comprehension. This may include supplying clients with a elaborate verbal account or set uping for a qualified translator or transcriber whenever possible. ( degree Celsius ) In cases when clients lack the capacity to supply informed consent, societal workers should protect clients involvements by seeking permission signifier an appropriate 3rd party, informing clients consistent with the clients degree of understanding. In such cases societal workers should seek to guarantee that the 3rd party Acts of the Apostless in a mode consistent with clients wants and involvements. Social workers should take sensible stairss to heighten such clients ability to give informed consent. 1.05 Cultural Competence and Social Diversity ( a ) Social workers should understand civilization and its map in human behaviour and society, acknowledging the strengths that exist in all civilizations. ( B ) Social workers should hold a cognition base of their clients civilizations and be able to show competency in the proviso of services that are sensitive to clients civilizations and to differences among people and cultural groups. ( degree Celsius ) Social workers should obtain instruction about and seek to understand the nature of societal diverseness and subjugation with regard to race, ethnicity, national beginning, colour, sex, sexual orientation, gender individuality or look, age, matrimonial position, political belief, faith, in-migration position, and mental or physical disablement. 1.07 Privacy and Confidentiality ( a ) Social workers should esteem clients right to privateness. Social workers should non beg private information signifier clients unless it is indispensable to supplying services or carry oning societal work rating or research. Once private information is shared, criterions of confidentiality apply. ( vitamin D ) Social workers should inform clients, to the extent possible, about the revelation of confidential information and the possible effects, when executable, before the revelation is made. This applies whether societal workers unwrap confidential information on the footing of a legal demand or client consent. ( degree Fahrenheit ) When societal workers provide reding services to households, twosomes, or groups, societal workers should seek understanding among the parties involved refering each person s right to confidentiality and duty to continue the confidentiality of information shared by others. Social workers should inform participants in household, twosomes, or group reding that societal workers can non vouch that all participants will honour such understandings. 1.11 Sexual Harassment Social workers should non sexually harass clients. Sexual torment includes sexual progresss, sexual solicitation, petitions for sexual favours, and other verbal or physical behavior of a sexual nature. 1.12 Derogatory Language Social workers should non utilize derogative linguistic communication in their written or verbal communications to or about clients. Social workers should utilize accurate and respectful linguistic communication in all communications to and about clients. 1.14 Clients Who Lack Decision-Making Capacity When societal workers act on behalf of clients who lack the capacity to do informed determinations, societal workers should take sensible stairss to safeguard the involvements and rights of those clients. 2.01 Respect ( a ) Social workers should handle co-workers with regard and should stand for accurately and reasonably the makings, positions, and duties of co-workers. ( B ) Social workers should avoid indefensible negative unfavorable judgment of co-workers in communications with clients or with other professionals. Unwarranted negative unfavorable judgment may include take downing remarks that refer to co-workers degree of competency or to persons properties such as race, ethnicity, national beginning, colour, sex, sexual orientation, gender individuality or look, age, matrimonial position, political belief, faith, in-migration position, and mental or physical disablement. ( degree Celsius ) Social workers should collaborate with societal work co-workers and with co-workers of other professions when such cooperation serves the wellbeing of clients 4.02 Discrimination Social workers should non pattern, condone, facilitate, or collaborate with any signifier of favoritism on the footing of race, ethnicity, national beginning, colour, sex, sexual orientation, gender identify or look, age, matrimonial position, political belief, faith, in-migration position, or mental or physical disablement. 4.03 Private Behavior Social workers should non allow their private behavior to interfere with their ability to carry through their professional duties. 4.04 Dishonesty, Fraud, and Deception Social workers should non take part in, condone, or be associated with dishonesty, fraud, or misrepresentation. My Positions of the Ethical motives and Valuess Covering with Worth and Dignity Self-government is a really of import value when covering with a client. This allows the client, with aid from the societal worker, to place their ends. The client will experience a sense of ownership in making said ends. Privacy and confidentiality besides play a immense function in continuing the worth and self-respect of person having aid. Everyone, irrespective of their position in society, has a right to privateness. Some clients may non cognize that they have these rights or may believe that their right to privateness has been forfeited since they are having aid. This, of class, is non true, and the societal worker should inform the client of this fact. The societal worker besides has to recognize that non all of the people having services are literate and must therefore explain to those clients the revelation of confidential information. This besides pertains to each person s rights to confidentiality when supplying reding to twosomes or groups. A societal worker should neer do progresss of a sexual nature to a client. This may take some clients to believe that the lone manner that they can have aid is to give into those progresss. It may besides do others to non seek aid at all. Derogatory linguistic communication, either verbal or written, can be corrupting to a client. A societal worker has to be cognizant of the civilization of the individual that they are turn toing. What may non be important to the societal worker may, on the other manus, be violative to the client. The decision-making procedure varies from client to client. The societal worker must do certain that when he or she is moving of behalf of a client that the client s involvements and rights are safe guarded. Respect in the Social Work Code of Ethics is under the ethical duties to co-workers, but it should besides be under the manner clients should be treated. When 1 shows regard to another individual, communicating is greatly enhanced, and communicating is what societal work revolves around. Discrimination is something that can non and should non be practiced, condoned, or facilitated by a societal worker. This means favoritism of any type to include ; race, ethnicity, sex, colour, matrimonial position, political relations, mental disablement, in-migration position, or sexual orientation. Discrimination has an inauspicious consequence on the client and the societal work profession. When a societal worker allows their private life to impact their work, no 1 wins. A societal worker must be professional plenty to divide the two. Another issue that deals with a societal worker s professionalism is his or her ability to non take portion in any manner with misrepresentation, dishonesty, or fraud. My Application of the Ethical motives When covering with ethnicity, I will larn about what is acceptable and unacceptable with each cultural group. I will guarantee that I differentiate between ethnicity and race. National beginning has to be dealt with in a similar manner as with ethnicity. Therefore, I will guarantee that I am cognizant of the imposts of the client s fatherland. Social category requires that a societal worker non organize preconceived impressions of the individual being served. I will maintain my head unfastened and guarantee, as with all instances, to listen to what is being said. Religion is a really huffy topic that has to be handled. I will do every attempt to understand the imposts and traditions of assorted spiritual groups in order non to pique. When covering with a client that has a physical or mental disablement, I will guarantee that their self-respect and worth is non compromised. I will utilize linguistic communication that they can easy understand, and I will non speak down to the person. Everyone has the right to populate their life they manner that they choose. I will neer judge a client based on their sexual orientation. This and the old topics can be handled by merely being a professional. I will endeavor to be a masterful professional at all times.

Its In The Third Quarter The Essays

Its In The Third Quarter The Essays Its In The Third Quarter The Essays It’s in the third quarter. The fifth game of the 1980 NBA Finals. Lakers versus Seventy-Sixers. Maurice Cheeks is bringing the ball up the court for the Sixers. He snaps the rock off to Julius Erving, and Julius is driving to the basket from the right side of the lane against Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Julius takes the ball in one hand and elevates, leaves the floor. Kareem goes up to block his path, arms above his head. Julius ducks, passes under Kareem’s outside arm and then under the backboard. He looks like he’s flying out of bounds. But no! Somehow, Erving turns his body in the air, reaches back under the backboard from behind; and lays the ball up into the basket from the left side! When Erving makes this shot, I rise into the air and hang there for an instant, held aloft by sympathetic magic. When I return to earth, everybody in the room is screaming, â€Å"I gotta see the replay!† They replay it. And there it is again. Jesus, what an amazing play! Just the celestial athleticism of it is stunning, but the tenacity and purposefulness of it, the fluid stream of instantaneous micro-decisions that go into Erving’s completing it†¦ Well, it just breaks your heart. It’s everything you want to do by way of finishing under pressure, beyond the point of no return, faced with adversity, and I am still amazed when I think of it. In retrospect, however, I am less intrigued by the play itself than by the joy attendant upon Erving’s making it, because it was well nigh universal. Everyone who cares about basketball knows this play, has seen it replayed a thousand times, and marveled at it. Everyone who writes about basketball has written about it. At the time, the crowd went completely berserk. Even Kareem, after the game, remarked that he would pay to see Doctor J make that play against someone else. Kareem’s remark clouds the issue, however, because the play was as much his as it was Erving’s, since it was Kareem’s perfect defense that made Erving’s instantaneous, pluperfect response to it both necessary and possible- thus the joy, because everyone behaved perfectly, eloquently, with mutual respect, and something magic happened- thus the joy, at the triumph of civil society in an act that was clearly the product of talent and will accommodating itself to liberating rules. Consider this for a moment: Julius Erving’s play was at once new and fair! The rules, made by people who couldn’t begin to imagine Erving’s play, made it possible. If this doesn’t intrigue you, it certainly intrigues me, because, to be blunt, I have always had a problem with â€Å"the rules,† as much now as when I was younger. Thanks to an unruled and unruly childhood, however, I have never doubted the necessity of having them, even though they all go bad, and despite the fact that I have never been able to internalize them. To this day, I never stop at a stop sign without mentally patting myself on the back for my act of good citizenship, but I do stop (usually) because the alternative to living with rules- as I discovered when I finally learned some- is just hell. It is a life of perpetual terror, self-conscious wariness, and self-deluding ferocity, which is not just barbarity, but the condition of not knowing that you are a barbarian. And this is never to know the lightness of joy- or even the possibility of it- because such joys as are attendant upon Julius Erving’s play require civilizing rules that attenuate violence and defer death. They require rules that translate the pain of violent conflict into the pleasures of disputation- into the excitements of politics, the delights of rhetorical art, and competitive sport. Moreover, the maintenance of such joys requires that we recognize, as Thomas Jefferson did, that the liberating rule that civilized us yesterday will, almost inevitably, seek to govern us tomorrow, by suppressing both the pleasure and the disputation. In so doing, it becomes a form of violence itself. An instance: I can remember being buoyed up, as a youth, by reading

The Require Method in Ruby

The Require Method in Ruby In order to create reusable components, ones that can be easily used in other programs, a programming language must have some way of smoothly importing that code at run-time. In Ruby, the require method is used to load another file and execute all its statements. This serves to import all class and method definitions in the file. In addition to simply executing all of the statements in the file, the require method also keeps track of which files have been previously required and, thus, will not require a file twice. Using the 'require' Method The require method takes the name of the file to require, as a string, as a single argument. This can either be a path to the file, such as ./lib/some_library.rb or a shortened name, such as some_library. If the argument is a path and complete filename, the require method will look there for the file. However, if the argument is a shortened name, the require method will search through a number of pre-defined directories on your system for that file. Using the shortened name is the most common way of using the require method. The following example demonstrates how to use the require statement. The file test_library.rb is in the first code block. This file prints a message and defines a new class. The second code block is the file test_program.rb. This file loads the test_library.rb file using the require method and creates a new TestClass object. puts test_library includedclass TestClassdef initializeputs TestClass object createdendend #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire test_library.rbt TestClass.new Avoid Name Clashes When writing reusable components, its best not to declare many variables in the global scope outside any classes or methods or by using the $ prefix. This is to prevent something called namespace pollution. If you declare too many names, another program or library might declare the same name and cause a name clash. When two completely unrelated libraries start changing each others variables accidentally, things will break seemingly at random. This is a very difficult bug to track down and its best just to avoid it. To avoid name clashes, you can enclose everything in your library inside of a module statement. This will require people to refer to your classes and method by a fully qualified name such as MyLibrary::my_method, but its worth it since name clashes generally wont occur. For people who want to have all of your class and method names in the global scope, they can do that using the include statement. The following example repeats the previous example but encloses everything in a MyLibrary module. Two versions of my_program.rb are given; one that uses the include statement and one that does not. puts test_library includedmodule MyLibraryclass TestClassdef initializeputs TestClass object createdendendend #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire test_library2.rbt MyLibrary::TestClass.new #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire test_library2.rbinclude MyLibraryt TestClass.new Avoid Absolute Paths Because reusable components often get moved around, its also best not to use absolute paths in your require calls. An absolute path is a path like /home/user/code/library.rb. Youll notice that the file must be in that exact location in order to work. If the script is ever moved or your home directory ever changes, that require statement will stop working. Instead of absolute paths, its often common to create a ./lib directory in your Ruby programs directory. The ./lib directory is added to the $LOAD_PATH variable which stores the directories in which the require method searches for Ruby files. After that, if the file my_library.rb is stored in the lib directory, it can be loaded into your program with a simple require my_library statement. The following example is the same as the previous test_program.rb examples. However, it assumes the test_library.rb file is stored in the ./lib directory and loads it using the method described above. #!/usr/bin/env ruby$LOAD_PATH ./librequire test_library.rbt TestClass.new

Managing Finance - short- term debts and liabilities Essay

Managing Finance - short- term debts and liabilities - Essay Example And that's when it is said that this particular business is having cash-flow problems. The daily operations working capital is used to manage include, stock purchases, salaries and wages, heating and lighting expenses, funding of credit sales etc. (McKosker, Philip, March 1, 2000) Components of working capital include all those things that form part of the definition of working capital since working capital equals current assets less current liabilities, all those things that are categorized under these two things can be called a component of working capital. The three main components namely are, inventory, payables and receivables. Inventory here includes all the stock, opening plus closing. (Managing Working Capital, n.d.) Inventory also includes raw materials,work-in-progress stock of goods and even finished stock of goods. These all are categorized under the assets portion on a business balance sheet. (Inventory, 2008) Inventory payables refers to a business's creditors who are those people or institutions from where you borrow loans or buy good/stock from on credit. A creditor is hence an organization or person who gives out credit to other businesses. A business pays these people at the end of a term or after a set time period as arranged or agreed upon through a contract. (Creditor, 2008) Receivables, on the other hand are those people or organizations that owe the business rather. ... Hence, they are termed as debtors. Just like creditors, businesses form a contract with them too which states how much money ahs been given, for how long, for what and when will it have to be repaid etc. (Money You are Owed, 2004). There are sources of working capital. These are called parts of working capital of a business. These are: cash held in reserve in the business, band OD (over-draft), remaining or retained profits, loans, credit attained from creditors, and long-term loans. (Managing Working Capital, n.d.) 'Control of working capital has always been thought to be the most important factor in the short-term financial management of companies' This statement, I believe is very much true for businesses working today. These days as competition amongst companies has been soaring up almost perpetually, it is highly important for these companies to manage their working capital well. It does not just depend or vary from one economic situation to another, rather on he basic fact that these companies all need to survive first and foremost. Hence, managers or financial executives or anyone who has the work of managing cash flows for a business aims to maximize working capital and get more value for money generally. Another way to say this is through acquiring more worth for short-term cash or cash as a business' current asset. (Bauer, Dennis, 2007). It is highly imperative for these managers to handle each component of working capital efficiently. These components have already been discussed above. (Working Capital, n.d.) It is often said that working capital is the lifeblood of an organization. It holds so much information that it is sometimes claimed

I need for you to find a common theme among these three proposals Research Paper - 1

I need for you to find a common theme among these three proposals - Research Paper Example On one hand, we have the Middle East. The Arab-Israeli conflict spans about one century of open hostilities and political tensions between the Palestinians and the Israelis- this being in spite of the fact that Israel was formally established only in 1948. On the other, there is the war in Afghanistan, which was launched by the US and the UK against the Taliban regime of Afghanistan in response to the 9/11 terror attacks. The Korean Peninsula is also a troubled zone, with the seemingly never-ending rivalries between North Korea and South Korea. In South Asia, India and Pakistan are always in a state of political tension over the disputed land of Kashmir; China’s relations with India are not too friendly either. Maintaining global peace in Third World countries has largely become the responsibility of the developed nations, which are, as Klare says, â€Å"deeply involved in the process of militarization† of these countries. There needs to be a strategy that the developed countries can follow to ensure that peace and security is maintained both within and without their less developed counterparts. Klare says that these strategy should follow the hierarchy of priorities that he proposes: Both Israel and North Korea have amassed huge arsenals of nuclear weapons. As for chemical weapons and ballistic missiles, the Taliban in Afghanistan have a huge stock of rockets, missiles and similar weapons. An international black market in conventional weapons exists and there is a large and regular flow of illicit arms into Afghanistan. All these have worrisome implications and can only be effectively controlled by the superpowers. Klare gives an example of how superpowers may help to downsize the arms trade problem. â€Å"A similar approach to downsizing the arms trade problem would be to convene ‘quadrilateral’ talks involving two regional rivals and their respective superpower patrons. Assuming that Moscow and Washington

What Is Professional Competency In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay

What Is Professional Competency In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay Introduction Why is professional competence a fundamental requirement in nursing practice? In satisfying this query, one must reflect on ones functions as a nurse. From this, one can realise the undeniable fact that nurses play a crucial role in the delivery of health care services. The very lives of people are at stake and so one must practice competently. Professional competence is a must in nursing practice. In line with this thought, this essay will explore ones practice of nursing in relation to the Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) and the Australian Nursing Federation (ANF) competency standards. This essay will also explore what competence is all about and what it means to be a professionally competent nurse. Main Body The ANMC (2006, p.14) defines competence as the combination of skills, knowledge, attitudes, values and abilities that underpin effective and/or superior performance in a profession or occupational area. Competency in nursing is very well acknowledged and sought by all health care institutions. There is always an inherent desire on the part of health care institutions to determine and improve the competence level of their nurses. In fact, Zuzelo (2009) relate that numerous healthcare institutions are investing time and money into systems that can assess competency of nursing professionals. In highly industrialised nations, competency of nursing professionals is sought after and achieved through competency based approach training (Cowan, Norman Coopamah, 2005). The idea of competence seems to have skills at its core, in particular clinical skills, that is ones essential to best practice (Roberts, 2009). However, skills without knowledge is dangerous, according to Roberts (2009). A pr ofessionally competent nurse does not neglect the important aspect of nursing as a caring profession. Being competent does not only imply that one is very knowledgeable and skilled. It also connotes ones genuine care to patients. It is worthy to declare that caring and competency are not exclusive concepts but are naturally intertwined (Masters, 2005). To be professionally competent is to be properly qualified, capable, adequate for the purpose, and sufficient. As professional nurses, we are competent to practice nursing by virtue of our education and licensure as registered nurses. To be competent however, we must meet additional criteria. The ANMC (2006) competency standards for the registered nurse comprises of 4 domains, namely professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, provision and coordination of care and collaborative and therapeutic practice. From among the sub-classifications of the first domain, what can be considered as most striking in relation to ones practice include the need to practice in accordance with legislation affecting nursing practice and health care as well as the need to practice within a professional and ethical nursing framework (ANMC, 2006). These two sub-classifications are worthy to note because of the fact that moral and legal conflicts often complicate decision making in nursing practice. Nurses are typically confronted with conflicting scenarios which are often both important things to consider. The only dilemma is which of the two must be the top priority. For instance, taking care of a patient who refuses any form of treatment poses a legal dilemma on the part of the nurs e. This is especially true because the ANMC (2006) competency standards direct nurses to recognise and accept the rights of others. On one side, there is the professional desire of the nurse to help the patient by initiating treatment. On the other hand, legal ethics dictate that patients have the right to refuse treatment. In ones personal experience, taking care of a patient whose religion does not allow blood transfusion is a real dilemma. In this particular scenario, the nurse was torn between educating the patient to eventually accept treatment or simply respect the refusal of treatment and just relate to the patient the possible consequences of such refusal. It was clear in the nurses mind that the ANMC (2006) dictates one to accept individuals or groups regardless of race, culture, religion, age, gender, sexual preference, physical or mental state. Furthermore, there is the need to practise in a manner that acknowledges the dignity, culture, values, beliefs and rights of indi viduals or groups (ANMC, 2006). Unfortunately, this is easier said than done especially when one of the above mentioned factors goes against or impedes a crucial treatment that may actually save a patients life. It is true that religious faith is often invoked by patients when their health and wellbeing is threatened. According to Andrews and Boyle (2008) religion is especially crucial to patients during periods of health crisis. Although, adhering to a particular religion is mostly viewed as a positive concept for patients; unfortunately, such adherence does not always result into a positive outcome. It can hinder the patients acceptance to treatment and care. This points out to another important aspect of competence and that is, a deeper understanding of cultural diversity. In line with this, Cherry Jacob (2005) state that health professionals which naturally include nurses, need to respond to the consequences of an increasing cultural diversity of nursing clientele in order to s afeguard the welfare of all health care consumers. Different values and beliefs are adhered to by patients. Community, social and kinship ties, language, religion, food and cultural perceptions of health and wellness are all matters of importance that need to be understood by the nurse when working with culturally diverse patients (Daniels, 2004). Cultural diversity challenges nurses to triumph over cultural gaps with patients by providing culturally appropriate care (Daniels, 2004). Cultural competence is the process whereby a nurse provides care that is suitable to the clients cultural context (Daniels, 2004). In essence, cultural competence is important in the practice of nursing. A nurse is only truly competent if he or she can knowingly handle patients whose entire value system is different from his or her own but still manages to establish and maintain a therapeutic relationship that paves way for effective implementation of nursing actions. Another important issue within the sphere of the first domain of professional practice implies the need to question and/or clarify orders and decisions that are unclear, not understood or questionable (ANMC, 2006). Moreover, there is the necessity to question and/or clarify interventions that appear inappropriate with relevant members of the health care team (ANMC, 2006). In following this directive, a nurse may often hesitate to question the validity of a particular intervention whether it was given by a fellow nurse or by some other health care professional such as a doctor. In ones own practice, hesitation comes from the desire not to create a conflict and bad blood with colleagues and fellow members of the health care team. Unfortunately, in abiding the directive of questioning particular actions of another when deemed inappropriate will more often than not cause some form of disagreement or clash between the professionals. Inter-professional conflicts have been documented since the time of Florence Nightingale (Kalisch Kalisch, 1977 cited in Coombs, 2004). In ones personal experience, the common escape route for this possible conflict is to question an order by way of politely suggesting an alternative which in reality is not an alternative but a recommendation to abolish the questioned order. For example, in questioning a doctors order, the nurse would typically suggest to the doctor the need for the latter to also consider some other assessed patient data with the hope that the doctor will realise that he or she made a mistake instead of directly asking the doctor why he or she prescribed such seemingly inappropriate order. It is an extremely rare scenario where a nurse openly recommends to the doctor to change what the latter has ordered. The subservience of nurses over doctors is a scenario that is very common especially in areas where doctors and nurses are in constant interaction with each other which if pondered upon occurs in almost all areas of a health institution. This particular doctor-nurse type of interaction is referred to as a doctor-nurse game (Stein, 1967 cited in Stein-Parbury, 2008). The doctor-nurse game described over 30 years ago persists in the communication patterns of some doctors and nurses ( Knox Simpson, 2004). In line with this issue, a truly competent nurse knows how to play the game well. He or she is able to question other professionals actions if necessary without causing unhealthy disagreements among them. Effective team behavior operates when health care providers communicate openly and courteously with each other ( Wolf, 2006). The second domain focuses on the implications of researching for evidence based practice (ANMC, 2006). This domain also points out the obligation to participate in ongoing professional development of self and others (ANMC, 2006). In ones own practice of nursing, continuing professional education has always been ones primary goals. It is a way of empowering oneself to be able to keep up with the trends in the practice of nursing. Attending formal and informal lectures and orientations makes one feel more competent. In essence, competence entails seeking out continuing professional education in order to build up a well founded source of knowledge and skills that will be necessary in coping with the dynamic changes in healthcare. Continuing education is intended to ensure health care practitioners knowledge is current (Griscti, 2006). In the advent of modern technology and skyrocketing increase for the demand of high quality care, nurses must be keen in upgrading or at least maintaining the current accepted level of competency required upon them. The high competency required upon nurses is only natural considering the fact that nurses are at the forefront of health care delivery. Nurses who stay abreast of new information and apply evidence-based theory to their practice will be able to provide competent, quality care to their patients (Valloze, 2009). This is the reason why competence is such a crucial issue in the practice of nursing. The salient component of the third domain relates the significance of the nursing process which naturally includes conducting a comprehensive and systematic assessment, planning and implementing safe and effective evidence based nursing care, and then evaluating the expected outcomes (ANMC, 2006). To simply describe it, the nursing process is a problem-solving technique (Carpenito-Moyet, 2007). It is a step by step strategy utilised by a nurse in solving patient problems that come within the scope of nursing practice. In ones own practice of nursing, the tricky part of nursing process is the nursing assessment. Nursing assessment may be defined as the systematic and continuous collection and analysis of information about patients (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2007). It is difficult to confidently say that one has thoroughly assessed a patient. It is because one needs to consider a wide array of factors. There is also the burden to ensure that ones assessment is comprehensive in as much as it b ecomes the basis of nursing and medical interventions. In connection to this, competency in nursing comes when one is able to collect and distinguish which patient information is important and which can be discarded. The care of patients is dependent upon the competency of the nurse is assessing those signs and symptoms that are related to the patients medical condition. For the fourth domain, what is most relevant to ones practice are the need to establish and maintain therapeutic relationship with patients and the necessity to collaborate with other health care professionals in providing comprehensive nursing care (ANMC, 2006). As a nurse, building and sustaining a therapeutic relationship with patients is important. It is the initial step in obtaining patients trust and confidence. Dossey Keegan (2009) declare that it is an important part of nursing care. In an effective therapeutic relationship, patients feel the genuine support of nurses while the nurses feel a certain degree of satisfaction in his or her role (Dossey Keegan, 2009). Initiating a therapeutic relationship with patients is in compliance the ANMC (2006) requirement of undertaking assessments which are sensitive to the needs of individuals or groups. Competency standards in this domain includes that a nurse has the ability to address the physiological, psychological, physical, emot ional and spiritual needs of patients and significant others as well as to optimize the physical and non-physical environment ( Dunn, Lawson Robertson, 2000). A competent nurse always begins his or her interventions by establishing a therapeutic relationship with patients that will increase efficacy of succeeding interventions. The ANF competency standards consist of 3 domains namely conceptualises practice, adapts practice and leads practice (ANF, 2005). As an experienced practitioner, one can meet these competency standards by reflecting on ones own experiences and placing these experiences in correct perspective for future reference. One can learn how to better provide nursing care for a particular scenario by reflecting on previous experiences that are similar to the one currently confronted with. What is required in order to meet the competency standards contained within the first domain is self-reflection. Self-reflection activities are an essential component of expert nursing practice (Dossey Keegan, 2009). This self-reflection; however, must be coupled with formal continuing development or education plus implementation of researches of relevant issues in nursing practice. This is because of the fact that this domain requires use the best available evidence and health and/or nursing models (ANF, 200 5). Research in nursing will help in identifying evidence-based nursing practice (Polit Beck, 2004). For the second domain, one can satisfy the competency standards contained within by being dynamic in finding out possible reliable sources that will support a particular method of rendering nursing care. This is because the second domain directs nurses to draw on a wide repertoire of knowledge and processes to tailor nursing practice in complex and challenging clinical situations (ANF, 2005). Furthermore, as an experienced practitioner, one needs to further upgrade ones technical skills in handling subordinates if any and in abiding by institution policies more strictly. One must also develop how to predict possible scenarios which may result from interventions implemented. The third domain of the ANF competency standards relates the concept of promoting and improving nursing practice through leadership. Definitely, as an experienced practitioner there have been many instances when one has asserted oneself as the leader of the group in order to smoothly direct patient care. For an experienced practitioner to successfully meet the third domain, one must hone ones leadership skills. Honing ones leadership skills does not necessarily mean that one should always act as the team leader. In becoming a leader one must also experience being a member and under the authority of another professionals leadership. The leadership often invoked in this domain is one that solicits active participation of the members. This implies a collaborative leader. Milstead Furlong (2006) state that a collaborative leader is what is most sought in todays health care system. Conclusion To sum up, true professional nursing competence requires accumulation of evidence based knowledge and skills. It also entails understanding cultural diversity and how it affects the kind of care that must be provided. Competence is also equated with genuine care. The ANMC competency standards are crucial in directing the way nurses must think and act. In the same light, the ANF competency standards help experienced nurses to become even better. These competency standards may be idealistic but it is certainly realistic and attainable if only nurses give more of their time reflecting on their own practice and in trying to assimilate through actions these competency standards.

Impact of Trade Liberalization of Bangladesh Essay

Introduction: There exists a wide range of theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The early literature focused mostly on the role of export in economic growth. The spectacular success of the outward oriented policies in the East Asian countries provided a basis for the adoption of such polices in developing countries like Bangladesh. Accordingly, the literature tried to support or reject the logic of universal application of export led growth policy in developing countries. The dynamic linkages between export and import or import and income did not receive much attention in this literature. But experience shows that in many countries export is highly dependent on import of capital goods and intermediate inputs as well as raw materials giving a case of bivariate causality between trade (export-import) and economic growth. The relationship between foreign trade and economic growth has long been discussed by different school of thought. The theoretical standpoints can be summarized in terms of technological know how, market expansion, resource allocation, ease of balance of payments, employment generation and income creation. (Hossain & Salim 2009). Karl Marx focuses on the role of exchange in economic growth. In his opinion, the expansion of production needs a growing market which will promote production continuously (Chen 2009). The classical school treats the foreign trade as a means of optimal distribution of resources and increasing productivity that stimulate economic growth. In similar vein is Alfred Marshall and his other neoclassical followers and they dictum that trade enhances growth because of the benefits of comparative advantage, full capacity utilization, greater economies of scale and increasing rate of investment and technological change (Krueger, 1978; Kavoussi, 1984). This school identifies five different ways in which foreign trade affects macroeconomics performance of a country: the revenue effect, capital accumulation effect, substitution effect, income distribution effect and the effect of the weighted elements. All these effects together imply that trade strengthens economic growth over time as an economy develops (Chen, 2009). The structuralist school led by Sir William Arthur Lewis (1915-1991) holds that in the dual economy model if the modern industrial sector produces export goods and the traditional agricultural sector produces import substitutes, then foreign trade would expand the market and lead to increase in production. The new growth theories which consider increasing returns to capital put more focus on trade as an argument of growth. According to these theories, international trade leads to technological diffusion that affects the medium and long term output growth of the developing countries by improving productivity. The new trade school (led by Paul Krugman) emphasizes the role of trade in economic growth through economies of scale and improving the optimal allocation of resources. It is claimed that international trade enables countries to specialize in goods and services by stimulating competition and promoting technological change based on â€Å"comparative and competitive advantage†. As a result, consumers would be able to consume more products of better quality at cheaper prices and therefore human welfare would be increased (Gupta at al. , 1997, World Bank, 2002). Economic growth is mainly depend on physical and human capital, technological progress, high rate of savings, macroeconomic stability, capital mobility, trade liberalization and so on. Trade plays important role on economic growth. There is a growing volume of empirical literature on the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth. In the 1970s and 1980s a number of studies examined the relationship between export and growth. Many such studies (see for example, Balassa, 1978; Feder, 1983; Heller & Porter, 1978; Kavoussi, 1984; Michaely, 1977; Ram, 1985; Tyler, 1981) supported the view that export growth promoted overall economic growth. Thus, there is a general question arises in mind: What are the impacts trade liberalization (from inwardness to the outward orientation) on economic growth? What are the dynamics and causality among export, imports and income? Bangladesh is striving hard to boost up its exports in order to meet the import payments, foreign debts, internal expenditure, maximize domestic welfare and also to reduce the country’s dependence on foreign aid grants. Therefore, since independence Bangladesh has experienced different policy regimes to enhance its foreign exchange earnings and rapid economic growth. Bangladesh has pursued a proactive policy of trade liberalization, characterized by removal of Quantitative Restrictions (QR), rationalization of tariff rates, a flexible exchange rate policy and active incentive structure for promoting the export sector and enhancing export sector performance. The objective of this paper is to examine the trade policy (from Inwardness to Openness), structural changes and performance of foreign trade and also examine the causality among export, imports and growth in Bangladesh. After analyzing these issues, some policy suggestions have been put forward to boost up the foreign trade sector so as to enhance foreign exchange earnings. 2. An Overview of Foreign Trade Polices of Bangladesh: From Inwardness to Openness/Trade Liberalization: In the current era of globalization, trade liberalization emerges as one of the most effective policy concerns for governments all over the world, especially for developing countries. Trade liberalization is believed to enhance economic growth and development through specialization and technological advances. In the post-war period, in line with the mainstream thinking, many developing countries adopted in inward-looking strategy of development. This strategy, particularly when it went beyond the easy first stage, led to distorted incentive and misallocation of resources. It favored import-substitution (advocates replacing imports with domestic production) at the cost of export. It also involved undue governmental intervention in the working of the market. Because of the widespread â€Å"government failure† to ensure adequate growth, and because of the successful example of export-led growth in South-East Asia, pendulum began to shift to trade liberalization and greater openness since the late 1970s and early 1980s. According to the World Development Report 1987, an outward-oriented strategy is defined as one in which the incentive structure is neutral between import-substitution and export production. Thus, an export-led growth strategy does not require a favored treatment for exports in the form of subsidies or other incentives; only a eutral policy regime which does not discriminate between domestic and export production. In a nutshell, the main requirements of this strategy would be moderate tariffs (preferable a uniform rate of tariff), dismantling of quantitative restrictions such as import licensing or quotas, a market-oriented exchange rate regime (as overvalued exchange rate would discriminate against exports and favor imports) and market-friendly laws and rules rather than discretionary controls. After independence in 1971, Bangladesh like her neighbors in South Asia pursued an inward-looking import-substitution strategy of growth. This was mainly characterized by the nationalization of all heavy industries and financial institutions. Import substitution policy (a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing imports with domestic production. It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products) was the basic premise of such state intruded and controlled development strategy where the role of the private sector was shriveled. The result of such a strategy was so painful that Bangladesh faced balance of payments (BOP) disequilibrium, foreign exchange shortage, and relatively low growth rate of national income and micro inefficiencies like inefficient import competing enterprises producing low quality products. Furthermore, the debt crisis in the early 1980 provided an important argument for trade reform. Consequently, since 1982 on being advised by the developed countries, along with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB), Bangladesh has started to shift its trade strategy to a strong outward looking one as part of market oriented economic reforms (structural adjustment packages) particularly after the year of 1985.

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Developing A Self Care Plan - 888 Words

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